Bullying Bullying Is Defined As The Repeated Aggression...

Bullying in Schools Amanda Reid (100441335) University of Rhode Island Bullying Bullying is defined as the repeated aggression towards someone of a lower power status, with the intent to cause harm or hurt this person. It is a form of abuse and can take different forms such as physical, verbal, relational and cyber. (Monks, 2006; Craig, 2007). Physical bullying is the most obvious and is the actual harming of another human being; such as punching and kicking. Verbal bullying consists of name calling, teasing and threats towards another person. Relational bullying is harm related to emotional distress, this can include social exclusion, spreading rumors (Bauman, 2006). Cyber bullying is a more recent extension to the types of bullying, it is defined as, â€Å"the intentional act of aggression towards another person online† (Ybarra, 2004). This type of bullying can be enacted through e-mail, chatrooms, instant messaging and text-messaging (Low, 2013). Most bullying occurs in the school setting although it can occur within the home and workplace. ( Monks, 2006). Bullying can start in the early years of life and can lead to problems later in life, such as having low self-esteem, problems creating and keep social relationships and depression. (Bauman, 2006). Bullying can also have immediate effects having low self-esteem in school due to repeated exposure to bullying the victim will come to believe that they are weaker and deserve to be bullied, which is an exampleShow MoreRelatedDoes Bullying Affect A Child s Academic Achievement / Performance? Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction DON’T FORGET TO CITE PROPERLY Title: How and why does bullying in primary school affect a child’s academic achievement/performance? Change from primary school to primary and middle school Abstract: Introduction: (is this the correct way of doing it) The research question for this paper is â€Å"How and why does bullying in primary school affect a child’s academic achievement/performance†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦um†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................... Bullying is said to occur when a child is the target of any behaviourRead MoreBully5482 Words   |  22 Pages------------------------------------------------- Bullying From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the Wikipedia guidance essay, see  Wikipedia:WikiBullying Bullying is detrimental to students’ well-being and development.[1] Bullying  is the use of force or  coercion  to  abuse  or  intimidate  others. The behavior can be habitual and involve an imbalance of social or physical  power. It can include verbal  harassment  or  threat, physical  assault  or coercion and may be directed repeatedly towards particular victims, perhapsRead MoreRelated Literature for Bullying7058 Words   |  29 Pagesr SENATE BILL 2677 (MIRIAM DEFENSOR SANTIAGO. 2011) SEC 2 Definition of Bullying - Bullying is committed when a minor student commits a series of two or more acts directed towards another minor student, or a series of single acts directed towards several minor students in a school setting or a place of learning, with the intent to constitute harassment, intimidation, force or humiliation. Such acts consist of any or more of the following: Threats to a person with theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children2411 Words   |  10 Pagesand experiments regarding the adverse effects of violence used in video games, television, as well as movies. With both preschool and school-aged children, studies have found that they are more likely to imitate the violence they see on screen if someone they see as a good guy is using the violence to solve a problem, especially if there are no realistic consequences for the violence. Examples are marvel comic characters such as Spiderman, The Hulk, Batman. These characters appear unhurt afterRead MoreHalimbawa Ng Term Paper6581 Words   |  27 PagesDON SERVILLANO PLATON MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL Sta. 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One reason for exploring the potential early signs of stalking in young people is that it broadens the application of mate ¬rial presented thus far by raising awareness of those risk factors that can be targetedRead MoreThe Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace13824 Words   |  56 Pages The Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace  ¨ Fusun Bulutlar  ¨  ¨ Ela Unler Oz ABSTRACT. Various aspects of the relationship between ethical climate types and organizational commitment have been examined, although a relationship with the concept of bullying, which may be very detrimental to an organization, has not attracted significant attention. This study contributes to the existing research by taking the effects of bullying behaviour into consideration. The aimRead MoreEssay on Cyp 3.310914 Words   |  44 Pageschildren under care. Local Nspcc provides advice and support for adults and professionals worried about a child who is in the setting. They provide service for protecting children and their safety, online services about child abuse, neglecting, bullying etc. So the setting can get help and advice from them. In the setting, children who are at risk because of their disability or family situation, the practitioner can get help and support to help the child. Nspcc will research about the child abuseRead MoreSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 Pagesfrequently experience memory loss. The rate of reaction time is slowed down as the brain and nerve impulse transmission is affected. * Kidney increases excretion of water. * Speech becomes slurred. HOW CAN YOU TELL IF SOMEONE IS AN ALCOHOLIC? You may be able to tell if someone is an alcoholic by observing violent behaviour, criminal activities performed by individuals, car accidents, depression, illness, unhappy family life, poor work habits and absenteeism from work. Surveys have shown thatRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPerception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change

The Privacy Of A Computer System Essay - 1538 Words

â€Å"You already have zero privacy. Get over it.† Scott G. McNealy CEO of Sun Microsystems Inc. â€Å"Our work to improve privacy continues today.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Mark Zuckerberg CEO of Facebook. These are some of the quotes of CEOs of some most prominent and successful companies that have built their businesses by pacifying their customers into giving up their personal information. Human beings value their privacy and the protection of their personal sphere of life. They value some control over who knows what about them. They certainly do not want their personal information to be accessible to just anyone at any time. But recent advances in information technology threaten privacy and have reduced the amount of control over personal data and open up the possibility of a range of negative consequences as a result of access to personal data. Data privacy or information privacy is the area of information technology (IT) that deals with the ability of an organization or individual to decide what data in a computer system can be shared with third parties. I examine the past, present and future of government and private sector surveillance on data privacy and its marketability by those sectors. Also, how those data privacy breach could impact someone’s personal, social and economic life. With the advent of information based society, private data became a big product of marketability and that market was flourished to interrelate other aspects of human life. Also recent introduction of another formShow MoreRelatedComputer Ethics : Basic Concepts And Historical Overview1266 Words   |  6 PagesTopics in Computer Ethics (edited and adapted from the article: Computer Ethics: Basic Concepts and Historical Overview, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, full version available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-computer/ ) No matter which re-definition of computer ethics one chooses, the best way to understand the nature of the field is through some representative examples of the issues and problems that have attracted research and scholarship. Consider, for example, the followingRead More Privacy On The Internet Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pages Privacy on the Internet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ever feel like you are being watched? How about having the feeling like some one is following you home from school? Well that is what it will be like if users do not have the privacy on the Internet they deserve. EPIC (Electronic Privacy Information Center), a advocacy group that has been fighting the Clinton Administration for tougher online consumer protection laws, and other privacy protection agencies have formed to protect the rights andRead MorePrivacy on the Internet1616 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy on the Internet Ever feel like you are being watched? How about having the feeling like some one is following you home from school? Well that is what it will be like if users do not have the privacy on the Internet they deserve. EPIC (Electronic Privacy Information Center), a advocacy group that has been fighting the Clinton Administration for tougher online consumer protection laws, and other privacy protection agencies have formed to protect the rights and privileges of the InternetRead MoreThe Self Regulation Must Be Added By Laws1421 Words   |  6 Pagespure-market model to preserve consumer privacy, consumer confidence, and raise business’ owner revenues. However, it is uncertain whether the competitive market model, utilized as an argument in favor of industry self-regulation, is applicable, due to the fact that, some consumers lack of basic understanding of Internet privacy. I don’t think it benefit for businesses to protect their privacy, if consumers do not understand t he basics of online data collection and privacy. If they cannot make the differenceRead MoreThe European Model Worth Emulating The United States?1572 Words   |  7 PagesIn your estimation, could self -regulation be effective in protecting data privacy or does it need to be supplemented by laws and regulations? Is the European model worth emulating in the United States? In my estimation I think that the self-regulation need to be added by laws, because it is built on a pure-market model to preserve consumer privacy, consumer confidence, and raise business’ owner revenues. 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This reasonable expectation of privacy extends to the contents of their office, including the employee’s company computer, located therein. As a result, the court held that the fourth amendment protects both the office and computer from warrantless searches by the government unless it obtains valid consent from either the defendant or one withRead MoreEffective Privacy And Security Safety1442 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare Privacy Officer Computers have become the database and communication in healthcare, and enable healthcare to make technology advances. Healthcare has come a long way with computers changing nursing and healthcare to become more business-like. Since there is a lot of stored confidential, and protected health information, security issues can arise. Health information should only be accessed by direct caregivers. Employees behavior online in the workplace impacts performance and can haveRead MoreHaving Effective Policies In Place Is Important When Dealing1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthe business to be effective, safe, and profitable. E_POLICIES Ethical Computer Use The Ethical Computer Use Policy will be very helpful by providing guidelines to user behavior through general principles. If this policy was not implemented, employees would not have an idea of the behavior expected when using the computers at Escape. Some of the problems that can arise as consequences are that they could use the computers for their personal use like social media, checking their email, buying onlineRead More Internet Privacy: Government Should Not Regulate Encryption or Cryptography998 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Privacy: Government Should Not Regulate Encryption or Cryptography Privacy rights have been an important issue through out time, and it has been increasing in importance as we have moved into the electronic/information age. Keeping that privacy had become a growing concern for many businesses and consumers. With all the information being sent across the web, people are very concerned about their personal information falling into the wrong hands. One way to help protect your privacy on the

Discuss the relative merits of import substitution versus export promotion free essay sample

Many countries have adopted different development strategies in order to promote growth. One of these, used by the now developed economies following the Industrial Revolution, is import substitution industrialisation (ISI). This is the notion of reducing foreign dependency of a country’s economy through focusing on domestic production of goods and services. An opposing strategy is export promotion. This includes measures taken by the government to increase the quantity and variety of goods and services that are exported. There is often debate among policy-makers about the effectiveness of each as a growth and development strategy with interesting statistical evidence supporting each side. In order to achieve a conclusion, the relative merits and weaknesses of each will be discussed albeit an informed decision depends on a number of explanatory variables. First of all, the import substitution strategy often coincides with state-led economic development through nationalisation and subsidisation of key domestic industries. Adopting such a regime usually means having a protectionist trade policy. Many Latin American countries implemented an ISI policy after WWII until around the 1980s, partly as a response to decades of disappointing growth in the early 20th century. Some Asian countries, especially India and Sri Lanka, also pursued such policies from the 1950s onwards. The rationale for doing so is extensive. One reason is known as the infant industry argument. This is where domestic industries are protected through government backing, help, and intervention. This mainly applies to liquidity-constrained companies that are unable to incur short-term losses. The main benefit is to create a level playing field between a backdated industry and a highly advanced industry producing similar goods and services. Without this protection, it would be difficult to compete with foreign firms on the efficiency and quality of goods and services. Eventually, these infant firms will grow to compete in global markets through developing economies of scale gaining a comparative advantage. In terms of import substitution, referring to an infant economy that needs protection may be more appropriate. Another reason in support of import substitution industrialisation is given by the Singer-Prebisch thesis. This is the observation that the terms of trade between primary export products and manufactured goods tend to deteriorate over time. This is because the income elasticity of demand for manufactured goods is greater than that for primary products – especially food. Therefore, as incomes rise, the demand for manufactured goods increases more rapidly than demand for primary products. This creates a ‘trap’ for many developing countries due to resource dependence. As a result, the current account of the balance of payments of the developing country worsens accelerating the deterioration. Therefore, import substitution provides an escape from the ‘trap’ by allowing for diversification of the economy’s goods and services without trade. However, a critical evaluation point may be that using the Singer-Prebisch thesis to justify import substitution has lost some of its relevance in the last 30 years. This is because exports of simple manufactures have overtaken exports of primary commodities in most developing countries outside of Africa for example. The problems associated with import substitution may also be considered, thus suggesting that a more outward-looking strategy would be more effective. Firstly, the primary effect of imposing import tariffs is a fall in the quantity of imports (Q2 to Q3) and a rise in the price level. This is shown in figure 1. 1 below. The shaded areas in the diagram represent the ‘welfare loss’ to society, whereby marginal social benefit is not equal to marginal social cost. Hence a negative effect of import substitution is an inefficient allocation of resources leading to society not achieving maximum utility. This may carry the added effect of increasing international unemployment as World gross domestic product (GDP) decreases through the promotion of inefficiency. An example emphasising the problems of import substitution is evident through the wide differences in economic performance between East and South Asian countries. Countries such as: South Korea, Malaysia and Singapore rejected import substitution policies resulting in superior performance in the 1970s and 1980s. In contrast, South Asian countries like India and Sri Lanka adopted more a more inward-looking strategy causing significantly lower growth rates than many East Asian countries. An alternative development strategy for policy-makers is export promotion. This entails greater openness to trade through a number of measures e. g. liberalisation of global markets, de-regulation and privatisation. An immediate comparison to import substitution is that there is an absence of retaliation from other trading nations. This yields greater economic benefits. One point providing strong merit for export promotion is backward and forward production linkages. The former is when growth of one industry stimulates domestic production of an upstream input, leading to higher productivity and demand. Forward linkages reduce unit costs allowing for the expansion of downstream industries. This is mainly achieved through foreign direct investment, which import substitution does not allow. Evidence for this is shown in Malaysia’s economy. Primary exports of processed rubber and palm oil is stimulated from the country’s plantation agriculture. Therefore, export promotion can benefit other domestic industries through stimulating production. A major drawback however of export promotion is â€Å"Dutch disease† theory. This is the apparent relationship between the increase in exploitation of natural resources and a decline in the manufacturing sector. The direct impact of influx of foreign exchange or inflows of foreign aid causes a real appreciation of the currency. This results in the nation’s other exports becoming more expensive for other countries to buy, making the manufacturing sector less competitive. A notable example is Nigeria and other post-colonial African states in the 1990s. Considering this, strong empirical evidence exists in support of adopting an export-orientated strategy. Data from the World Bank (1993) showed that the real GDP of export promoted countries (7. 6%) grew at a faster rate than ISI countries (3%) during 1965-1990. It is clear therefore from the arguments listed above that export promotion is the more effective policy, however a hybrid of strategies may be required depending on the country in question.

The Chat Room Essays - Computing, Hacker Culture, Online Chat

The Chat Room Michael Yost Dr. Mary Henderson 2/18/2001 English 1101 The Chat Room As Dr. Barry Mowell of Broward Community College once put it, One of the most effective vehicles for wasting your time and interacting with pre-pubescent or otherwise immature, rude people who frequently engage in gross self aggrandizement and ill- mannered behavior would be the internet chatroom. When I read that six months ago, I ventured into a chat room for the first time. I found that a chat room can be quite addicting. I have since chatted on the internet every day with little exception. Since I am a computer science major, I looked for chat about that subject. On America Online, hereafter referred to as AOL, I found that in the category Special Interests tech chat fit my requirements. When I first went to it, I didnt know any of the abbreviations. In a chatroom, in addition to talking about tech subjects, there is a compelling desire to laugh. They express that as LOL, short for laugh out loud. There also is ROFL, meaning rolling on the floor laughing. There are other abbreviations, some utilizing profanity. Essentially, over the last six months, I have begun to notice that the people in the room can be classified into some simple categories. These may be generalizations but are wholly accurate and appear to encompass the entire spectrum of people who chat. There are helpers, non-helpers, SNERTS, script kiddies, hackers, and relationship seekers. First of all, there are those who help people with their computer questions. They seem to go to extraordinary lengths to do so, freely assisting people with their computer questions very patiently. Then there are those who help no one. Either they dont know how to or simply refuse to help. Some of them may be termed smart alecks because, when someone asks for help or a tech question, they give rude and sometimes obnoxious answers. When someone comes in the room and gets an answer like that, they frequently leave. Then there are what we term SNERTS (short for snot nosed egotistical rude twerps). The name speaks for itself. The SNERT is usually some small person who thinks they can hide behind the computer screen and get away with being rude and annoying. The next category is the script kiddie. The script kiddie desires to be a hacker. They know certain codes or scripts that will disrupt the room. They can be quite annoying. For example, they can send scripts into the room that will erase the entire rooms text. Or they can send many lines of text into the room. That is called scrolling. They can even exploit weaknesses in someones computer or program and boot or punt them offline. Another category is true hackers. Hackers are quite knowledgable. Some use their power for good, and others to destroy. Hacking can be illegal and hackers can be prosecuted if they break the law and are caught. A real hacker however, will never get caught. Then there are those who seek companionship. They can be seeking true love or just a good time. Some represent themselves honestly, while others are deceptive about their true selves. AOL has taken steps to eliminate some of the people that act in an inapropriate manner. The first line of defense is a box that when checked, removes the person's text from your screen. That is called Ignore. The next step is the Notify AOL button. One copies what the person has typed and sends it to AOL. Once sent, the community action team reviews it for possible violation of TOS. TOS is AOL's terms of service. If there is a violation of the terms, you can lose your account or get a TOS warning. Three warnings in six months terminates your AOL account. The last line of defense against people who are out of line is the chat room host or guide. Frequently a host or guide comes in the room. If someone gets out of hand, the host has the power to gag the person for 15, 20, or 30 minutes. Gag means to completely remove all the persons text in the room so no one sees it. Three gags in a day is TOS warning. I would say that, in my experience, the chat room is a good place to

Country Risk and Strategic Planning Analysis Essays - Free Essays

Country Risk and Strategic Planning Analysis Essays - Free Essays Country Risk and Strategic Planning Analysis Country Risk and Strategic Planning Analysis MGT 448 November 11, 2013 Country Risk and Strategic Planning Analysis Globalization is more of a necessity than an option in certain markets because of the potential for growth, but before investing abroad, the associated risks need to be known and understood. A country risk analysis can be used to avoid making a decision to expand an organization into a region that may result in financial disaster. Risks that need to be considered include but are not limited to political, legal, regulatory, social, cultural, and technological. Market risks also need to be addressed. After measuring the risks, the planning begins. Regardless of the level of risk, strategic planning is a key component to the success of every organization rather operating domestically or abroad. The foundation of strategic plans involve defining the mission and objectives, performing a SWOTT analysis, choosing a strategy, selecting and justifying a suitable mode of entry for the global product or service, controlling and evaluating performance, and devising a contingency plan. After asse ssing the risks and devising a plan, the next logical step would be taking actions towards global expansion. Political, Legal, and Regulatory Risks Taiwan is considered a low risk in accordance with a country risk analysis, it is seems predictable and transparent in the legal system, and business infrastructure, and their financial system meets the necessary regulatory requirement for a global economy (Economist, 2013) as shown in table 1 Risk Rating. Taiwans relationship with China is considered low risk from a political view. The Taiwan government has privatized and deregulated much of the economy in seeking improvement with it relationship with China, where in China would greatly improve Taiwans economic projections (AMB, 2013). RISK RATINGSCurrentCurrentPreviousPrevious RatingScoreRatingScore Overall assessmentA20B22 Security riskA11A11 Political stability riskA20A20 Government effectiveness riskB29B29 Legal & regulatory riskB22B22 Macroeconomic riskA15A20 Foreign trade & payments riskA18B21 Financial riskB25B29 Tax policy riskA12A12 Labour market riskB32B32 Infrastructure riskA19B25 Note: E=most risky; 100=most risky. The risk ratings model is run once a quarter. (Economist, 2013) Exchange and Repatriation of Funds Risks The exchange and the repatriation of funds risk is denominated is U.S. dollar. The performance is affected in the movement in the exchange rates between the currencies that are held in assets and U.S. dollar. Those exchanges that are control by regulations have caused difficulties in the repatriation of funds. The Taiwans dollar may have shown gains on the speculation of the exporters in converting overseas revenue, but has seen little progress in government bonds (Wong, 2012). Competitive Risk Assessment The global recession that has affected many countries in Southeast Asia. Taiwans competitive risk is still in fluctuation due to the drop in export demand for the United States and other major trading partners. The tradeoff is Taiwans well-educated workforce and pro-business government. This continues to be an attractive region for investors due to low labor costs, natural resources, and the continual growth of it infrastructure (AMB, 2013). Taxation and Double Taxation Risks Taiwans companies continue to expand their operations on global scale. Taxation is greatly influence or control by China. Mainland China has amended their corporate income tax law, where there is a reduction in tax incentives offered to foreign organizations operating locally in Taiwan. Essentially, added income tax withholding on outward-bound earnings fee for the investment structure design. China has adopted different tax policies to be used to help balance trade with countries like the United States, for example, export rebates, and non-tax measures on bond payment of material (Go, 2013). What the outcome is foreign income from Taiwans companies is taxable in that country with double taxation being relieved or forgiven by foreign tax credits. Market Risks (Four Ps) The market risks involve the four Ps, which include product, price, place, and promotion. The products Apple continues to push are the iPad and iPhone. The products must be carefully crafted to appeal to a mass audience especially with the amount of other competition such as Samsung, Google, and Microsoft. Apple continues to stand out in the technological market and stand behind its quality products. The price of Apples goods could be a possible barrier. They are quite expensive because of their standard of quality. However, discounts are made available when the purchase is combined with a wireless carriers telecommunications contract. The place Apple sells its products is worldwide for

Ultrasonic flowmeters in custody transfer and fiscal measurements of natural gas The WritePass Journal

Ultrasonic flowmeters in custody transfer and fiscal measurements of natural gas Introduction Ultrasonic flowmeters in custody transfer and fiscal measurements of natural gas IntroductionULTRASONIC FLOW METERS (USM’S)REFERENCESRelated Introduction As oil and gas flow from numerous wells owned by different firms are merged into one flow line, it is usually necessary to meter the production from the firms separately before it enters the common processing facility (flow line). Actors in this field have to measure the raw materials (crude oil/natural gas) and the finished products (PMS, DPK, etc.) accurately, for the reason that they pay for what comes in and get paid for what goes out and any tiny deviation in their measurements could cost them a huge sums of money per annum. The concept of custody transfer as defined by Dupuis and Hwang (2010) is the transfer of ownership of fluids from one party to another. It is the point at which ownership changes hands for the products being measured. On the other hand fiscal (custody transfer) measurements are the basis for money transfer, either between company and government or between two companies (NFOGM, 2005). In general, custody transfer involves industry standards, National Metrology standards, contractual agreements between parties involved and government regulations and taxation. The flow meters are the measurement instruments used to determine the quantity of flow within the system and various forms of it are used in custody transfer applications among which are ultrasonic meters, coriolis meters, turbine meters, positive displacement meters etc. This piece of exercise will look into some works on ultrasonic and flow meters which is among the most common flow meters in application. ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS (USM’S) Ultrasonic metering technology could be broadly classified into three viz- transit time, Doppler and cross correlation technology. In his work on multipath ultrasonic flow meters for gas measurement, Farestvedt (2003) states that ultrasonic technology uses sound at higher frequencies than what the human ear can hear ( 20 kHz). Most natural gas Ultrasonic meters (USMs) use frequencies around 100-200 kHz, while liquid USMs are in the 1 GHz range. Multipath USMs utilize a minimum of three pairs of transducers; with primary application being fiscal and custody transfer metering of gas and liquid. Lansing (2008) opined that the use of USM’s for fiscal applications has grown substantially over the past several years due in part to its accuracy (0.1%), large turndown (typically 50.1), non-intrusiveness, low maintenance cost, fault tolerant capabilities and integral diagnostics i.e. data for ascertaining the condition of the meter is accessible. Drenthen and de Boer (2010) in their re search work attributed the aforesaid successes of the ultrasonic technology to the manufacturing methods and procedures that result in tight tolerances in the geometry of the meter. While the accuracy of the meter is largely a function of the quality of the geometry and accuracy of the time measurement, the stated performance of the meter can be guaranteed based on a dry calibration only. Therefore, they went further to determine the influence of the manufacturing tolerances on the uncertainty of the measurement, in which their findings have shown that the geometry and dimension of the meter body and the Reynolds (profile correction) factor are the significant sources of uncertainty. A dry calibration procedure performed yields a reproducibility of 0.3% which corresponds to the uncertainty, thus, with high quality fabrication and advanced calibration methods a USM of high fidelity could be achieved. Calibration of an ultrasonic flow meter for natural gas measurement is conducted under the prevailing atmosphere at the flow calibration facility. Most of the systems use natural gas flowing in a pipeline; therefore it is usually impossible to alter parameters such as temperature, pressure and gas composition, each of which has an effect on the speed of sound. Freund et al (2002) investigated whether or not the calibration is still valid if those parameters are modified. They conducted a number of carefully controlled calibrations to measure the effect of changes in these parameters on the calibration of the USM’s initially calibrating a 200mm (8 inch) and two 300 mm (12 inch) ultrasonic meters in the High Pressure Loop at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) utilizing natural gas at 2.8 MPa (400 psi) which was then changed to nitrogen, providing a 16% change in the speed of sound, equivalent to a natural gas pressure of 4.6 MPa (667 psi). Further test were done at different pr essures using nitrogen. Their findings showed that the change in the speed of sound over the pressure range was within 0.03% of the calculated value. Moreover the test was performed at different temperatures for both the nitrogen and natural gas and calibrations were performed. It was realised that the ultrasonic meters was insensitive to change in speed of sound, temperature and pressure. Hence, they concluded that the calibration of an ultrasonic meter at one set of conditions does not affect its accuracy when it’s been utilized under another, including using different gases. However accumulation of contamination in the pipeline conveying the gas affects the accuracy of the meter as corroborated by Gorman (2006) and Zanker and Brown (2000), it reduces the internal diameter, shorten the transient time and hence a higher velocity reading and changes in the velocity profile due to surface roughness, but with regular maintenance of the pipeline, this anomaly could be avoided. In several years, ultrasonic meters have become one of the fastest growing new technologies in the natural gas arena and having established that the USM’s could perform well under different operating conditions, it is paramount to look further to see how it functions in the measurement of gas for custody transfer purposes. When using a USM for custody transfer of natural gas, the following factors should be considered for effective fiscal metering to be achieved.   The Meter tube alignment to and away from the ultrasonic sensor must be aligned perfectly. American Gas Association Article 9 allows the tube-to-meter match to be within 1.0%. Noise emanating from control valves can interfere with an ultrasonic sensor’s measurement, so a good practice is to place valves downstream of meters (if possible), put as much distance as possible between valves and meters, and put some bends in the piping to reduce noise. â€Å"Noise trap† tees are very effective in reducing valve noise. Temperature sensors location of is critical for maximum accuracy. For gas, AGA 9 recommends the thermowell be installed between two and five diameters downstream of the flowmeter in a uni-directional system, and three diameters from the meter in a bidirectional installation. One flowmeter is designated as the flow prover. This is a flowmeter of exceptional accuracy, and one that has been calibrated and tested recently and lastly a flow computer which performs the industry-standards flow calculations and serves as the cash register of the entire system (Dupuis and Hwang). In conclusion, it could be seen from the analysis of the various researches and writings on ultrasonic flow meters that despite the fact that it has a very high accuracy level typically less than 0.1% (Drenthen and de Boer, 2010) and can operate under different conditions, its performance could be affected by the accumulation of contaminants in the pipeline conveying the natural gas. REFERENCES Dupuis, E., Hwang, G., Custody Transfer: Flowmeter as a Cash Register, Control Engineering [online] Available at controleng.com/index.php?id=483cHash=081010tx_ttnews[tt_news]=39535 [Accessed 11 April 2011] Norwegian Society for Oil and Gas Measurements, 2005, handbook of Multiphase Flow meterinng.[pdf].2nd ed. Stocholm. Available at nfogm.no/docup/dokumentfiler/MPFM_Handbook_Revision2_2005_(ISBN-82-91341-89-3).pdf [Accessed 11 April 2011] Drenthen, J.G., de Boer, G., (2001), The manufacturing of ultrasonic flow meters, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 12(2001), pp. 89-99 Freund et al., (2002), North Sea Flow measurement Workshop, Operation of Ultrasonic Flow Meters at Conditions Different Than Their Calibration, [pdf] Available at http://letton-hall.com/docs/publications_docs/Operation%20of%20Ultrasonic%20Flow%20Meters%20at%20Conditions%20Different%20Than%20Their%20Calibration.pdf [Accessed 10 April 2011] Gorman, J., (2006), Contaminant Accumulation Effect on Gas Ultrasonic Flow Meters International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement Class #1340 [pdf] Available at ceesi.com/docs_library/events/ishm2006/Docs/1340.pdf [Accessed 10 April 2011] Zanker, J. k., Brown, G.J., (2000), North Sea Flow measurement Workshop, The Performance of a Multi-Path Ultrasonic Meter With Wet Gas [pdf] Available at http://letton-hall.com/docs/publications_docs/THE%20PERFORMANCE%20OF%20A%20MULTIPATH%20ULTRASONIC%20METER%20WITH%20WET%20GAS.pdf[Accessed 10 April 2011]

Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study Research Paper

Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study - Research Paper Example By this, assumption is that Joe’s employees will be prosperous because they were able to take their responsibilities, which are their capacity to attribute. Similarly, the attribute effort is because they managed time and dedicated their effort at meeting their customer base. A challenge in their tasks is mainly conquered by making necessary effort and determination. Additionally, even with significant effort, ability and role-challenge, workers have to attribute some amount of fortune. Individual mood and time should coincide with workers fortune. Discussion This discussion will investigate Joe the leader of famous Northern American firm, and his workers and how workers should comprehend the significance of how people form perception and make attributions. Joe believes that his workers have created a strong and effective relationship with their clients thought diverse techniques use in the business. The discussion will explain learning social theory, significance of the theor y in Joe’s case and the application of the theory in improving workers performance, in the company, (Martinko, 2004). Worker need to comprehend how people create opinions and make attributions because perception is a crucial process by which people choose, select, coordinate, explain, interpret and react to information. Workers are regularly exposed to diverse information, and they know when managers are deceiving. People analyze the information in their mind and organize it to create concepts regarding their experiences and senses. Different individuals perceive different cases differently based on what they selectively perceive and organize and explain what leaders and workers perceive. The attributions made by managers and workers about the causes of behaviors are crucial for behavior understanding. For instance, a manger that attributes inadequate production directly to his employees is likely to act increasingly punitively than a manager who attributes inefficient perfor mance to situations beyond the control of his subordinates. A leader who acknowledges that a worker performed poorly because she had insufficient training or skills may comprehend, and give the person adequate instructions or extra training. Comprehending the significance of how individuals form opinions and tailor attributions will aid Joe’s workers in establishing and sustaining strong, trusted and culturally solid connection with customers. Ensuring that workers realize cultural diversities and perceptions of their clients minimizes the tendency of workers unintentionally offending clients. What people consider as a sincere hand waving as a way saying Hi and goodbye can be perceived different by a person from India or Japanese. A mere index finger curling indicating, â€Å"come closer† may be interpreted by an Australian and Indonesian as prostitution solicitation. A number of people are not aware of both verbal and non-verbal social cultural differences among cultu res. Therefore, if Salatino educates his workers on factors that influence an individual’s perception, workers will have extra knowledge and expertise to create strong connections. It will also aid workers comprehend how individuals form perceptions and tailor attributions about different people, (Williams & Noyes, 2007). Some external factors that influence perception and attribution involve intensity, differences,