The Holy Spirit Association Essay Example for Free

The Holy Spirit Association Essay With the official name of The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, the Unification Church was founded by Rev. Sun Myung Moon in 1954. By 1959, the church has already expanded to America where its international headquarter has been established. At present, the church claims that the number of Unificationists reach three million in more than a hundred countries. At the age of 16, Moon asserted that Jesus Christ appeared to him on Easter morning. Christ instructed him to finish the task Christ has started, that is, to establish the kingdom of heaven on earth. He urges all religions to unify their beliefs so as to attain Gods will. However, Moons character has been questioned as well as the practices of the Unification Church. Even before establishing the Unification Church, Moon has already been accused of immoral practices. He urged the female members of his organization to have sex with him so that they would be cleansed of the influence of Satan. He was arrested for this act but was released at the end of the Korean War. In the United States, he was largely criticized for his recruitment and leadership style, as well as his ways of raising fund. Furthermore, he was convicted of tax evasion and served a prison term. Because of the free labor of his followers, Moon has a built a multimillion-dollar empire, with a number of businesses such as manufacturing, banking, publishing, pharmaceutical companies, and others. He recruited U. S. military officers by offering them business deals and political donations. From his religious power, he believes that he would be able to establish a government that would rule the world. His most distinguishing characteristic is his authoritative leadership. Whatever Moon dictates is absolute and final. Even a seed of doubt to Moon means that a person allows oneself to be part of Satans work. He believed that Adam and Eve were supposed to have a brother–sister relationship until perfection is achieved. After that, the two would have to be married and bear a child, starting the kingdom of God. This promotes the belief that the fall was a sin sexual in nature. To rinse out this sin, God gave Christ the mission to marry and to have perfect children. Unfortunately, Christ was not able to complete this earthly mission because of his death. Thus, Moon proclaims that a â€Å"third Adam† is needed to complete both spiritual and physical salvation. This third Adam would complete what Christ has been sent for to do, that is, to produce sinless children. The Unification Church believes that Moon is the third Adam who would form a perfect family; thus, his children are all sinless. This perfection would extend to members of the church by complete obedience to him. Moreover, an individual would also be salvaged by paying indemnity through fasting, recruiting, fund-raising, etc. Furthermore, Moon belied the concept of trinity in the bible. Rather, he postulates that the first trinity is composed of the third Adam (Moon), his bride, and God. People are encouraged to form their own trinities through marriage and with God. He emphasized that it is through marriage that the kingdom of God would start. Therefore, salvation is only for married people. This would also explain the mass weddings conducted by Moon, in which every couple is charged a mass fee. As blessed by God, Moon and his wife propagate true love, true life, and true marriages; thus, they refer to themselves as the True Parents. The Second Coming, he insisted, is not the coming of Christ but of the third Adam. The purpose of third Adam in the grand plan of God is to establish the kingdom of God on earth and in heaven through perfect marriage and formation of sinless children.

Learning the Writing Business from Book Agents and Editors :: English Literature Essays

Learning the Writing Business from Book Agents and Editors So, you just wrote your first science fiction novel. Your friend read it and told you that you were the next Ray Bradbury or Gene Roddenberry. Your fertile mind fantasizes your name up there on a Borders’ wall poster right next to images of Isaac Azimov and Jules Verne. Before going off the deep end and equating yourself with Hemingway and Steinbeck, give your ego a stiff reality check. Few of us mortals are literary Mozarts that can plop down in front of a computer screen and author a perfect manuscript the first time around.. Let’s get one thing straight right now. You wrote a manuscript and not a book. After an author takes the time and care to read, edit and rewrite the manuscript at least five times, the work has finally evolved into a publishable book’ manuscript. Literary agents have represented my books. Truthfully, I never learned too much from literary agents except that they will show a strong interest in you and your work only if publishers and film producers do. If the power brokers in the literary world think your work is marketable, then you are a viable commodity. If you have no track record in the publishing industry, then forget all about your friend’s praise and about your inflated ego. You’re going to have to accept criticism from your agency’s editors, compromise ideas and plots in your artistic masterpiece, rewrite paragraphs, sentences and pages to conform to editorial evaluations, admit making errors, learn from these â€Å"mistakes† and avoid them when constructing future â€Å"manuscripts.† Although I never learned too much from my literary agents, I absorbed plenty from editors I had worked with. It took me three years to finally master what the editors considered the â€Å"mechanics of the writing craft.† I reluctantly learned that good writing involves much more than the demonstration of grammar, spelling and punctuation skills. I picked up a hundred or so suggestions from my â€Å"literary editors,† and I will share some of them now. To facilitate good transitions and chapter’ integrity, don’t begin sentences and/or paragraphs with pronouns (when writing in the third person). Stay away from â€Å"lazy sentence patterns† such as starting out with â€Å"There are† or â€Å"There is.† And above all else, if you plan to be original and creative, stay away from using stereotypical’ cliches and hackneyed idioms. A good sci-fi’ novel or any other genre’ novel should first be a â€Å"love story† at its core’ construction with the genre’ decoration adroitly wrapped around that core.

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill was a man-made disaster which had devastating effects on its surrounding environment, in particular the natural environment around the Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig. Recovery efforts made by the local governments utilized Information Communications Technology (ICT) such as remote sensors and satellite imagery to track and monitor the magnitude of the oil spill. Further detail on how recovery efforts used ICT's to track and monitor the oil spill as well as its uses in the prevention of future oil spills, including the positives and negatives of the use of ICT will be discussed. Referring to sources such as the scholarly journal ‘Tracking Oil Slicks and Predicting their Trajectories Using Remote Sensors and Models', the magazine article ‘Satellite use Growing to Monitor Facilities and Map Spills' and the national commission report ‘Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling National Commission'. The focus reading ‘Organisations Aiming to Reduce Risk – Worth Broader Exposure' will be used as a comparison and reference to what other industries have done to prevent disasters in their industry from occurring again. Background. Recovery efforts during the Deep Water Oil Spill used Information Communication Technologies (ICT) such as remote sensor technology and satellite imagery technology. Such technology were used in order to monitor the magnitude of the oil spill giving recovery efforts visual data that they could work with as well as a method of being able to obtain the trajectories of the oil spill in order to prevent further spread of the oil in the water. Use of ICT's to assist in Recovery. The use of ICT's such as remote sensor technology and satellite imagery was effectively used by the petroleum industry in previous years prior to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill for exploration purposes. In the event of the oil spill recovery effort teams utilized this same remote sensor technology in order to determine how much oil was spilled, where it reached the shore, and which beaches might be hit next (Pope 2010). This technology allowed recovery teams to effectively survey the spread of oil a lot faster than if it were done through surveillance aircraft such as drones, satellite technology. In the event of the oil spill BP and the federal government utilized two types of satellites. SAR imagery satellites in order to cover large areas and determine the scope of the damage caused. Once the scope of the damage was determined, high-resolution satellites were used to make thorough assessments of the damage. Although satellite imagery we're predominantly used as methods of surveying the wreckage and spill, aircraft drones also played important roles in that they allowed recovery teams to monitor the wreckage from different angles and views. Use of ICT's in the prevention of disasters. Information Communications Technology has multiple uses in that it was able to explore and locate possible petroleum production locations through remote operated vehicles (ROV) attached with thermal imaging cameras and sensors, as well as survey the structural damage of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig through the use of satellite imagery and drone aircraft. It now has the task of surveying and monitoring oil rigs on a frequent weekly or even daily basis. The oil production industry using satellites similarly to how they were used in the in recovery efforts through, obtaining a wide view of the area through SAR satellite imagery and using high-resolution imagery in order to gain a detailed perspective of specific locations and aspects of oil rigs. The National Commission recommended improvements be made by the petroleum production industry as well as the national government in order to effectively plan for a large scale containment plan if another event like this we're to happen again, including coordinating with other government bodies and obtaining relevant information in regards to response measures. Measures taken into account include things like and sufficient amount of technical experts on the within the staff of the oil rigs in order to develop and approve response plans as well as providing mandatory funding to the petroleum production industry for research and development as well as incentives to the industry to perform research and development. Â   Similarly in the nuclear tragedy of Chernobyl the government funded the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (IPNO) programs to perform evaluations, training, assistance and peer reviews by experts. The uses of ICT such as computer programs and hardware are now used to analyse nuclear structures, making it easy to monitor and spot redundancies within the structure and prevent structural failure of the plants. Positives and Negatives of the uses of ICTs The use of ICT's during recovery efforts as well as use in the monitoring of oil rigging sites and prevention of structural failure. The use of ICT's over other methods such as aircraft surveillance has positive benefits which far out weight the negatives. Such satellite imagery can allow recovery teams to effectively and quickly survey the a large portion of the damage site through SAR satellites and gain detailed views of specific areas such as leaks, slicks and seeps through high-resolution satellites. With the use of satellites in combined with aircraft surveillance to gain views from different angles to view specific areas of the structure effectively allow recovery teams to survey and gather information in order to develop an effective containment and recovery plan. The use of ROVs also is a benefit as it allows recovery teams to survey the structure underwater and effectively gather information from places that would be too dangerous for humans to do to. Although ICT's do have their benefits, they also come with negatives as in that SAR satellites capture large views of the affected areas, this comes at a price of decreased resolution making it difficult to view smaller aspects of the image such as leaks in the oil pipe structure. This requires the use of high resolution imaging satellites which are rather costly and cannot be frequently called up due to its high cost. Conclusion The use of information communications technology in the petroleum production industry has had multiple uses before, during and after the Deepwater Horizon Oil spill. Before the disaster of the oil spill the industry used ICTs for exploration and location of possible drilling sites. With the use of satellite technology during the recovery efforts to survey the area and effectively develop a containment plan for preventing the oil from spreading and affecting the nearby beaches. Also in future prevention of possible oil spills through satellite monitoring of oil rigs and tankers. Along with the use of ICTs come the benefits which include allowing recovery teams to quickly and safely gather information which would have been difficult with old technology, but there were also costs in that it would cost large amounts of money in order to use high-end technology such as high-resolution satellites in order to gain clearer images of specific areas. Along with the uses of ICTs to help prevent future oil spills are the recommendations of the oil spill commission which recommended funding for research and development of oil spill prevention similarly to how the government funded the development of the INPO in the nuclear energy industry for training of nuclear engineers and evaluation of nuclear structures.

Business Accounting Free Essay Example, 3000 words

The payback period calculation looks at the shortest number of years to recover the cost of the project. Although the calculation is easy to understand and simple, it still has its limitations. It ignores the benefits that occur after the payback period and more importantly, the method ignores the time value of money. The Net Present Value is an indicator of how much value an investment or project adds to the company. The Net Present Value is a more reliable method of calculating the returns expected from investments as the method considers the time value of money. The Net Present Value compares the value of a dollar today to the value of that same dollar in the future, taking both inflation and returns into account. A positive Net Present Value generated from a prospective project is a good sign and should be accepted. On the contrary, a negative Net Present Value resulting from projects should be rejected because the cash flows will also be negative. The Internal Rate of Return i s the discount rate that delivers a Net Present Value of zero for a series of future cash flows. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Accounting or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now As with the Net Present Value, this technique uses the discounted cash flow approach and is as widely used as the Net Present Value method. The Internal Rate of Return represents the interest yield expected from an investment and is expressed as a percentage. Moreover, the Internal Rate of Return can be found without having to estimate the cost of capital. The use of Discounted Payback Period in investment analysis is more reliable than the use of Payback Period method. This is because the former considers the time value of money by discounting the estimated cash flow at the end of each year before determining the number of years that the initial cost of the project will be recovered. Like the Net Present Value, it considers the time value of money and as such, the outcome of using this method is more realistic and appropriate. On the other hand, the risk-adjusted discount factor produces the expected rate of return for the project, given its risk.

Bullying Bullying Is Defined As The Repeated Aggression...

Bullying in Schools Amanda Reid (100441335) University of Rhode Island Bullying Bullying is defined as the repeated aggression towards someone of a lower power status, with the intent to cause harm or hurt this person. It is a form of abuse and can take different forms such as physical, verbal, relational and cyber. (Monks, 2006; Craig, 2007). Physical bullying is the most obvious and is the actual harming of another human being; such as punching and kicking. Verbal bullying consists of name calling, teasing and threats towards another person. Relational bullying is harm related to emotional distress, this can include social exclusion, spreading rumors (Bauman, 2006). Cyber bullying is a more recent extension to the types of bullying, it is defined as, â€Å"the intentional act of aggression towards another person online† (Ybarra, 2004). This type of bullying can be enacted through e-mail, chatrooms, instant messaging and text-messaging (Low, 2013). Most bullying occurs in the school setting although it can occur within the home and workplace. ( Monks, 2006). Bullying can start in the early years of life and can lead to problems later in life, such as having low self-esteem, problems creating and keep social relationships and depression. (Bauman, 2006). Bullying can also have immediate effects having low self-esteem in school due to repeated exposure to bullying the victim will come to believe that they are weaker and deserve to be bullied, which is an exampleShow MoreRelatedDoes Bullying Affect A Child s Academic Achievement / Performance? Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction DON’T FORGET TO CITE PROPERLY Title: How and why does bullying in primary school affect a child’s academic achievement/performance? Change from primary school to primary and middle school Abstract: Introduction: (is this the correct way of doing it) The research question for this paper is â€Å"How and why does bullying in primary school affect a child’s academic achievement/performance†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦um†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................... Bullying is said to occur when a child is the target of any behaviourRead MoreBully5482 Words   |  22 Pages------------------------------------------------- Bullying From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the Wikipedia guidance essay, see  Wikipedia:WikiBullying Bullying is detrimental to students’ well-being and development.[1] Bullying  is the use of force or  coercion  to  abuse  or  intimidate  others. The behavior can be habitual and involve an imbalance of social or physical  power. It can include verbal  harassment  or  threat, physical  assault  or coercion and may be directed repeatedly towards particular victims, perhapsRead MoreRelated Literature for Bullying7058 Words   |  29 Pagesr SENATE BILL 2677 (MIRIAM DEFENSOR SANTIAGO. 2011) SEC 2 Definition of Bullying - Bullying is committed when a minor student commits a series of two or more acts directed towards another minor student, or a series of single acts directed towards several minor students in a school setting or a place of learning, with the intent to constitute harassment, intimidation, force or humiliation. Such acts consist of any or more of the following: Threats to a person with theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children2411 Words   |  10 Pagesand experiments regarding the adverse effects of violence used in video games, television, as well as movies. With both preschool and school-aged children, studies have found that they are more likely to imitate the violence they see on screen if someone they see as a good guy is using the violence to solve a problem, especially if there are no realistic consequences for the violence. Examples are marvel comic characters such as Spiderman, The Hulk, Batman. These characters appear unhurt afterRead MoreHalimbawa Ng Term Paper6581 Words   |  27 PagesDON SERVILLANO PLATON MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL Sta. Cruz Tinambac Camarines Sur S/Y 2012-2013 The Effect of Bullying In The School to Students of Don Servillano Platon Memorial High School Janice Tamayo Inocencio (Researcher) Mrs. Adelaida Espejo (English Professor) Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the special people who have extended their assistance for theRead MoreEarly Signs of Stalking9072 Words   |  37 Pagesconstitute either of the following: (a) problem behaviors in the social relationships of children or adolescents that could be viewed as early manifestations of obsessional following in a specific instance, or (b) childhood risk factors that suggest someone might stalk another person later in life. One reason for exploring the potential early signs of stalking in young people is that it broadens the application of mate ¬rial presented thus far by raising awareness of those risk factors that can be targetedRead MoreThe Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace13824 Words   |  56 Pages The Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace  ¨ Fusun Bulutlar  ¨  ¨ Ela Unler Oz ABSTRACT. Various aspects of the relationship between ethical climate types and organizational commitment have been examined, although a relationship with the concept of bullying, which may be very detrimental to an organization, has not attracted significant attention. This study contributes to the existing research by taking the effects of bullying behaviour into consideration. The aimRead MoreEssay on Cyp 3.310914 Words   |  44 Pageschildren under care. Local Nspcc provides advice and support for adults and professionals worried about a child who is in the setting. They provide service for protecting children and their safety, online services about child abuse, neglecting, bullying etc. So the setting can get help and advice from them. In the setting, children who are at risk because of their disability or family situation, the practitioner can get help and support to help the child. Nspcc will research about the child abuseRead MoreSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 Pagesfrequently experience memory loss. The rate of reaction time is slowed down as the brain and nerve impulse transmission is affected. * Kidney increases excretion of water. * Speech becomes slurred. HOW CAN YOU TELL IF SOMEONE IS AN ALCOHOLIC? You may be able to tell if someone is an alcoholic by observing violent behaviour, criminal activities performed by individuals, car accidents, depression, illness, unhappy family life, poor work habits and absenteeism from work. Surveys have shown thatRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPerception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change

The Privacy Of A Computer System Essay - 1538 Words

â€Å"You already have zero privacy. Get over it.† Scott G. McNealy CEO of Sun Microsystems Inc. â€Å"Our work to improve privacy continues today.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Mark Zuckerberg CEO of Facebook. These are some of the quotes of CEOs of some most prominent and successful companies that have built their businesses by pacifying their customers into giving up their personal information. Human beings value their privacy and the protection of their personal sphere of life. They value some control over who knows what about them. They certainly do not want their personal information to be accessible to just anyone at any time. But recent advances in information technology threaten privacy and have reduced the amount of control over personal data and open up the possibility of a range of negative consequences as a result of access to personal data. Data privacy or information privacy is the area of information technology (IT) that deals with the ability of an organization or individual to decide what data in a computer system can be shared with third parties. I examine the past, present and future of government and private sector surveillance on data privacy and its marketability by those sectors. Also, how those data privacy breach could impact someone’s personal, social and economic life. With the advent of information based society, private data became a big product of marketability and that market was flourished to interrelate other aspects of human life. Also recent introduction of another formShow MoreRelatedComputer Ethics : Basic Concepts And Historical Overview1266 Words   |  6 PagesTopics in Computer Ethics (edited and adapted from the article: Computer Ethics: Basic Concepts and Historical Overview, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, full version available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-computer/ ) No matter which re-definition of computer ethics one chooses, the best way to understand the nature of the field is through some representative examples of the issues and problems that have attracted research and scholarship. Consider, for example, the followingRead More Privacy On The Internet Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pages Privacy on the Internet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ever feel like you are being watched? How about having the feeling like some one is following you home from school? Well that is what it will be like if users do not have the privacy on the Internet they deserve. EPIC (Electronic Privacy Information Center), a advocacy group that has been fighting the Clinton Administration for tougher online consumer protection laws, and other privacy protection agencies have formed to protect the rights andRead MorePrivacy on the Internet1616 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy on the Internet Ever feel like you are being watched? How about having the feeling like some one is following you home from school? Well that is what it will be like if users do not have the privacy on the Internet they deserve. EPIC (Electronic Privacy Information Center), a advocacy group that has been fighting the Clinton Administration for tougher online consumer protection laws, and other privacy protection agencies have formed to protect the rights and privileges of the InternetRead MoreThe Self Regulation Must Be Added By Laws1421 Words   |  6 Pagespure-market model to preserve consumer privacy, consumer confidence, and raise business’ owner revenues. However, it is uncertain whether the competitive market model, utilized as an argument in favor of industry self-regulation, is applicable, due to the fact that, some consumers lack of basic understanding of Internet privacy. I don’t think it benefit for businesses to protect their privacy, if consumers do not understand t he basics of online data collection and privacy. If they cannot make the differenceRead MoreThe European Model Worth Emulating The United States?1572 Words   |  7 PagesIn your estimation, could self -regulation be effective in protecting data privacy or does it need to be supplemented by laws and regulations? Is the European model worth emulating in the United States? In my estimation I think that the self-regulation need to be added by laws, because it is built on a pure-market model to preserve consumer privacy, consumer confidence, and raise business’ owner revenues. However, it is uncertain whether the competitive market model, utilized as an argument in favorRead MoreMy First Self Driving Car1675 Words   |  7 Pageslessen human-made car accidents; however, there are still debates on the privacy side of autonomous cars. Due to the purpose of autonomous cars, the system inside the car must be able to detect the environment as well as navigate without the help from humans. Therefore, the cars must have techniques like radar, LIDAR, GPS, and computer vision. All of these techniques are technological holes for hackers to break into the car system to get private information. People support autonomous cars hoping thatRead MoreThe Case Of Ninth Circuit Court1492 Words   |  6 PagesNinth Circuit Court holds that an employee has a reasona ble expectation of privacy in their private office, because it is locked and not shared with others. This reasonable expectation of privacy extends to the contents of their office, including the employee’s company computer, located therein. As a result, the court held that the fourth amendment protects both the office and computer from warrantless searches by the government unless it obtains valid consent from either the defendant or one withRead MoreEffective Privacy And Security Safety1442 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare Privacy Officer Computers have become the database and communication in healthcare, and enable healthcare to make technology advances. Healthcare has come a long way with computers changing nursing and healthcare to become more business-like. Since there is a lot of stored confidential, and protected health information, security issues can arise. Health information should only be accessed by direct caregivers. Employees behavior online in the workplace impacts performance and can haveRead MoreHaving Effective Policies In Place Is Important When Dealing1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthe business to be effective, safe, and profitable. E_POLICIES Ethical Computer Use The Ethical Computer Use Policy will be very helpful by providing guidelines to user behavior through general principles. If this policy was not implemented, employees would not have an idea of the behavior expected when using the computers at Escape. Some of the problems that can arise as consequences are that they could use the computers for their personal use like social media, checking their email, buying onlineRead More Internet Privacy: Government Should Not Regulate Encryption or Cryptography998 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Privacy: Government Should Not Regulate Encryption or Cryptography Privacy rights have been an important issue through out time, and it has been increasing in importance as we have moved into the electronic/information age. Keeping that privacy had become a growing concern for many businesses and consumers. With all the information being sent across the web, people are very concerned about their personal information falling into the wrong hands. One way to help protect your privacy on the

Discuss the relative merits of import substitution versus export promotion free essay sample

Many countries have adopted different development strategies in order to promote growth. One of these, used by the now developed economies following the Industrial Revolution, is import substitution industrialisation (ISI). This is the notion of reducing foreign dependency of a country’s economy through focusing on domestic production of goods and services. An opposing strategy is export promotion. This includes measures taken by the government to increase the quantity and variety of goods and services that are exported. There is often debate among policy-makers about the effectiveness of each as a growth and development strategy with interesting statistical evidence supporting each side. In order to achieve a conclusion, the relative merits and weaknesses of each will be discussed albeit an informed decision depends on a number of explanatory variables. First of all, the import substitution strategy often coincides with state-led economic development through nationalisation and subsidisation of key domestic industries. Adopting such a regime usually means having a protectionist trade policy. Many Latin American countries implemented an ISI policy after WWII until around the 1980s, partly as a response to decades of disappointing growth in the early 20th century. Some Asian countries, especially India and Sri Lanka, also pursued such policies from the 1950s onwards. The rationale for doing so is extensive. One reason is known as the infant industry argument. This is where domestic industries are protected through government backing, help, and intervention. This mainly applies to liquidity-constrained companies that are unable to incur short-term losses. The main benefit is to create a level playing field between a backdated industry and a highly advanced industry producing similar goods and services. Without this protection, it would be difficult to compete with foreign firms on the efficiency and quality of goods and services. Eventually, these infant firms will grow to compete in global markets through developing economies of scale gaining a comparative advantage. In terms of import substitution, referring to an infant economy that needs protection may be more appropriate. Another reason in support of import substitution industrialisation is given by the Singer-Prebisch thesis. This is the observation that the terms of trade between primary export products and manufactured goods tend to deteriorate over time. This is because the income elasticity of demand for manufactured goods is greater than that for primary products – especially food. Therefore, as incomes rise, the demand for manufactured goods increases more rapidly than demand for primary products. This creates a ‘trap’ for many developing countries due to resource dependence. As a result, the current account of the balance of payments of the developing country worsens accelerating the deterioration. Therefore, import substitution provides an escape from the ‘trap’ by allowing for diversification of the economy’s goods and services without trade. However, a critical evaluation point may be that using the Singer-Prebisch thesis to justify import substitution has lost some of its relevance in the last 30 years. This is because exports of simple manufactures have overtaken exports of primary commodities in most developing countries outside of Africa for example. The problems associated with import substitution may also be considered, thus suggesting that a more outward-looking strategy would be more effective. Firstly, the primary effect of imposing import tariffs is a fall in the quantity of imports (Q2 to Q3) and a rise in the price level. This is shown in figure 1. 1 below. The shaded areas in the diagram represent the ‘welfare loss’ to society, whereby marginal social benefit is not equal to marginal social cost. Hence a negative effect of import substitution is an inefficient allocation of resources leading to society not achieving maximum utility. This may carry the added effect of increasing international unemployment as World gross domestic product (GDP) decreases through the promotion of inefficiency. An example emphasising the problems of import substitution is evident through the wide differences in economic performance between East and South Asian countries. Countries such as: South Korea, Malaysia and Singapore rejected import substitution policies resulting in superior performance in the 1970s and 1980s. In contrast, South Asian countries like India and Sri Lanka adopted more a more inward-looking strategy causing significantly lower growth rates than many East Asian countries. An alternative development strategy for policy-makers is export promotion. This entails greater openness to trade through a number of measures e. g. liberalisation of global markets, de-regulation and privatisation. An immediate comparison to import substitution is that there is an absence of retaliation from other trading nations. This yields greater economic benefits. One point providing strong merit for export promotion is backward and forward production linkages. The former is when growth of one industry stimulates domestic production of an upstream input, leading to higher productivity and demand. Forward linkages reduce unit costs allowing for the expansion of downstream industries. This is mainly achieved through foreign direct investment, which import substitution does not allow. Evidence for this is shown in Malaysia’s economy. Primary exports of processed rubber and palm oil is stimulated from the country’s plantation agriculture. Therefore, export promotion can benefit other domestic industries through stimulating production. A major drawback however of export promotion is â€Å"Dutch disease† theory. This is the apparent relationship between the increase in exploitation of natural resources and a decline in the manufacturing sector. The direct impact of influx of foreign exchange or inflows of foreign aid causes a real appreciation of the currency. This results in the nation’s other exports becoming more expensive for other countries to buy, making the manufacturing sector less competitive. A notable example is Nigeria and other post-colonial African states in the 1990s. Considering this, strong empirical evidence exists in support of adopting an export-orientated strategy. Data from the World Bank (1993) showed that the real GDP of export promoted countries (7. 6%) grew at a faster rate than ISI countries (3%) during 1965-1990. It is clear therefore from the arguments listed above that export promotion is the more effective policy, however a hybrid of strategies may be required depending on the country in question.